Curriculum Development Instruments

Student Content Assessments

Instrument 6: Student Science Assessment

Project: Computer Applications to Enhance Inquiry-Oriented Library Instruction in Biology at a 2-Year College
Mesa Community College

Funding Source: Unidentified

Purpose: To assess student science/general background (biology, scientific reasoning, biological molecules, genetics)

Administered To: Biology students

Topics Covered:

• Attitudes & Beliefs (Student): content, practical value
• Content Specific Assessment: biology, inquiry concepts
• Course Evaluation: instructor
• Instructional Preferences: student collaboration
• Plans & Expectations (Student): academic interests
• Self-Assessment (Student): application of technology, collaborative activities, confidence, engagement, interest
• Background Characteristics & Activities (Student): prior coursework, purpose for participation
• Demographics (Student): age, ethnicity, gender

Format/Length: 181 questions, plus 7 demographic questions and spaces to collect identifying information. Formats include multiple-choice, Likert scale, and open-ended. The instrument has a number of sections, including pre- and post-tests.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

The following questions are intended to help your instructor better address your needs. The information obtained will be utilized solely for educational purposes and will be kept strictly confidential. Please give it your best effort.

On the answer sheet provided, fill in your name and the date in the lower right hand corner. Put an "A" in the space where it says "Subject". Then write in and bubble in your social security number where it asks for "Student ID". (There are ten columns of bubbles, but your social security number has only nine digits. Leave the last column blank.) Indicate your answers to the following questions in the section on the left side of the answer sheet. Fill in the appropriate bubble completely. Erase any mistakes thoroughly.

1. My gender is
   1. male
   2. female

2. My age is
   1. 20 or under
   2. 21 to 24
   3. 25 to 30
   4. 31 to 40
   5. over 40

3. My ethnicity is best described as:
   1. Asian American
   2. African American/Black
   3. Hispanic/Latino
   4. Native American
   5. Caucasian

4. The total number of previous biology courses (years) I have completed in high school and college is
   1. no previous biology courses
   2. one previous biology course
   3. two previous biology courses
   4. more than two previous biology courses

5. The total number of previous chemistry courses (years) I have completed in high school and college is
   1. no previous chemistry courses
   2. one previous chemistry course
   3. two previous chemistry courses
   4. more than two previous chemistry courses

6. In high school, the most advanced math course I successfully completed was
   1. Algebra I
   2. Geometry
   3. Algebra II
   4. Trigonometry and/or Precalculus
   5. Calculus

7. In college, the most advanced math course I have successfully completed is:
   1. I haven't completed any college math courses yet.
   2. Arithmetic Review (MAT 055) or Introductory Algebra (MAT 077) or MAT 078)
   3. Intermediate Algebra (Mat 124 or 129)
   4. College Algebra (Mat 153 or 154)
   5. I have completed a more advanced college math course than those listed above.

*Continue on answering the rest of the questions on the same bubble answer sheet.

By studying biology students can gain useful facts about the nature of living things.	A	B	C	D	E
By studying biology, you can learn ways of identifying and solving problems which will be useful in dealing with problems in your own life.	A	B	C	D	E
Biology courses are not as interesting as most school subjects.	A	B	C	D	E
Science is actually based only the best available information at the time; it may change.	A	B	C	D	E
I feel quite comfortable working with computers.	A	B	C	D	E
I feel confident in my ability to do well in biology classes.	A	B	C	D	E
If given a choice, I would pick a class in which the activities involve a lot of group work.	A	B	C	D	E
If a biology course was not required for my degree, it is not likely I would take it.	A	B	C	D	E
Someday I would like to take another course in biology even though it is not required.	A	B	C	D	E
I am uncertain of my ability to use computers to help me learn.	A	B	C	D	E
I prefer classes in which the activities are primarily individual rather than in groups.	A	B	C	D	E
It is likely that I would read articles about living things simply for my own interest.	A	B	C	D	E
Even if I work very hard, I am not confident that I will be able to do well in biology class.	A	B	C	D	E
A positive feature of science is that one can always rely on it to be true and correct.	A	B	C	D	E

22. In DNA, complementary base pairing occurs between
    1. cytosine and uracil
    2. adenine and guanine
    3. adenine and uracil
    4. adenine and thymine

23. True or false: A greater number of different types of organisms would be found in a phylum than in a kingdom.
    1. true
    2. false

24. Humans engage in cellular respiration. Which other living things engage in cellular respiration? Select the letter that best describes your answer.

    1.

    snail

    2.

    shark

    3.

    rose plant

    4.

    cow

    5.

    mushroom

    1. 4 only
    2. 1, 2 and 4 only
    3. 3 only
    4. 3 and 5 only
    5. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

25. A small "bag" of digestive enzymes found in animal cells is called a
    1. smooth endoplasmic reticulum
    2. rough endoplasmic reticulum
    3. Golgi body
    4. ribosome
    5. lysosome

26. A protistan adapted to life in a freshwater pond is collected in a bottle and transferred to saltwater. Which of the following is likely to happen?
    1. The cell bursts.
    2. Salt flows out of the protistan cell.
    3. The cell shrinks.
    4. Enzymes flow out of the protistan cell.

27. Plants need ______ and ______ to carry out photosynthesis.
    1. oxygen, water
    2. oxygen, carbon dioxide
    3. carbon dioxide, water
    4. sugar, water

28. In an animal, meiosis would occur in
    1. all the cells in its body.
    2. only in the non-reproductive cells in the body.
    3. Only in the reproductive cells in the body.
    4. in miscellaneous types of cells (not predictable).

29. In a certain type of plant, red flowers are dominant over white flowers. A heterozygous red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered plant. Their offspring would be expected to be _________.
    1. all red
    2. all white
    3. 1/2 red, 1/2 white
    4. 3 red/1 white
    5. 9 red/ 1 white

30. Where in the human body does cellular respiration take place? Select the letter that best describes your answer.

    1.

    muscles

    2.

    stomach

    3.

    lungs

    4.

    skin

    5.

    brain

    1. 3 only
    2. 1 and 3 only
    3. 1, 3, and 5 only
    4. 2 and 4 only
    5. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

31. What portion of their food do bean plants absorb through their roots?
    1. all
    2. some
    3. none

32. An atom having six protons and six neutrons and an atom having six protons and seven neutrons
    1. are isotopes of the same element
    2. are different ionic forms of the same element
    3. are different elements
    4. have unbalanced charges
    5. have different chemical properties

33. Which of the following, if any, is NOT a part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
    1. populations include many heritable variations.
    2. the food supply generally is exceeded by the number of offspring.
    3. nature determines which variations will survive and reproduce.
    4. organisms tend to produce more offspring than can survive.
    5. all of the above are part of this explanation.

34. The structure of DNA is characterized as
    1. a single strand of amino acids linked together
    2. a double strand of amino acids linked together
    3. a single strand of nucleotides linked together
    4. a double strand of nucleotides linked together

35. The energy lost in transfer from one trophic level to another can usually be found in
    1. plant cell walls
    2. cells of decomposers
    3. the form of heat
    4. decaying matter

36. Suppose two species of rodents, Rattus geri (a ground rodent) and Rattus biffus (a bush rodent), eat pyracantha berries. However, the ground rodent finds its berries on the ground, while the bush rodent finds its berries in the bushes. Living alone in a field, each rodent did well, but when both species lived in the same field, the ground rodent died out. Jill suggested that the reason is that the bush rodent is a better competitor for berries because it is a better climber. The bush rodent harvests the berries from the bushes before they fall to the ground where the ground rodent, who is more aggressive, could get them. Which of the following observations would add the most strength to Jill's suggestion that bush rodent is a better competitor?
    1. The ground rodent does NOT survive in a field that the bush rodent has marked with its scent.
    2. The ground rodent does not survive in a field that the bush rodent has marked with its scent if it's provided with shelters (refuges).
    3. Both animals survive in a field where all the berries are stripped and thrown to the ground.
    4. The bush rodent dies out when all the berries are stripped and thrown to the ground.
    5. both a and b

     

    The next six questions refer to the following information:

    While looking for something to eat in your kitchen, you see the large orange you purchased a week ago sitting on the counter. It has mold growing on it. When you look in the refrigerator at another smaller orange you also purchased a week ago, you see it has no mold on it.

    USE THIS KEY TO IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING SIX STATEMENTS AS TO WHETHER THEY ARE:

    1. an hypothesis
    2. a prediction
    3. data
    4. a question
    5. a conclusion

37. If both oranges were kept on the counter, both would have mold on them.

38. Because the oranges were different sizes, were exposed to different temperatures, and had different amounts of light and humidity, we can't say for sure why one is moldy and the other is not.

39. Why does one orange have mold on it while the other does not?

40. The mold may grow on the larger orange because it was at a warmer temperature than the small orange.

41. Four slices of bread in the kitchen cupboard have mold on them.

42. The mold may grow on the larger orange because it ripened on the tree longer then the smaller orange.

    The next three questions are related.

43. One day you meet Helga watching a cluster of butterflies on the edge of a drying puddle. When asked what she is doing, she replies, "I'm watching the butterflies collect salt." Which of the following is the best description of Helga's reply?
    1. Helga is NOT a careful observer.
    2. Helga is stating a conclusion only partly derived from her observation.
    3. Helga is stating a conclusion drawn entirely from her observation.
    4. Helga is stating her observation.
    5. Helga is making no assumption.

44. Which of the following observations would add the most strength to Helga's reply in the question above?
    1. observing many butterflies clustering on the lip of a glass of orange juice
    2. observing many butterflies clustering at a second drying puddle's edge
    3. observing many butterflies clustering around the edge of spilled gatorade
    4. observing many butterflies clustering on the drying edge of an ocean but not on the drying edge of water from a nearby wading pool.
    5. observing butterflies who are flying overhead joining butterflies clustered at a puddle's edge.

45. Both you and Helga wait until the butterflies leave the area, then you have a sample of the puddle tested for chemicals. The results indicate the water contains both salt and amino acids. Helga states that this evidence supports her reply that she is watching the butterflies collect salt. Which of the following assumptions is she making?
    1. The butterflies are able to consume something from the puddle.
    2. Amino acids can dissolve in water.
    3. Butterflies need water to survive.
    4. Butterflies are social animals.
    5. If flowers aren't available, butterflies survive on drying puddle water.

46. Tina wanted to know how time affects the height of petunia plants. She measured the height of a petunia plant over a 13-day period. Her results are in the data table below.
    

    Time (days)	Plant Height (cm)
    0	.03
    3	1.00
    6	3.40
    10	4.80
    13	5.00

    Which set of axes below is the BEST to use for graphing her results?
    
    Use the information below to answer the next 3 questions:

    Larry measured the amount of gas needed to drive one km at different speeds. His results are plotted below.
    
    

47. How much gas (liters) was used to drive one km at 60 km per hour?

    a.

    .05

    b.

    .06

    c.

    .07

    d.

    .08

48. Which of the following is the best description of the relationship shown on the graph?
    1. As the speed of the car decreases to from 70 to 50 km per hour, the amount of gas used increases.
    2. Both the amount of gas and speed of the car increased up to 50 km per hour.
       Then the amount of gas used decreased.
    3. As the speed of the car decreases, the amount of gas used increases.
    4. As the speed increased, the amount of gas used also increased.

49. At 55 km per hour, how much gas (liters) would the car use?

    a.

    .05

    b.

    .06

    c.

    .07

    d.

    .08

50. Eddie grew pumpkins. He found the average weight of ten pumpkins at different times after planting. These are the results. The pumpkins had an average weight of 0 kg at 2 weeks after planting. They had an average weight of 0 kg at 7 weeks after planting. The average pumpkin weight was 1 kg at 9 weeks after planting. The average pumpkin weight was 9 kg at 12 weeks after planting. The average pumpkin weight was 22 kg at 18 weeks after planting.

    Which of these graphs best shows his results?
    

51. Heloise wanted to examine the amount of beef, chicken and fish Americans have consumed from 1950 to 1991. Suppose she found the graph shown below. Which of these statements is supported by the graph?
    
    1. From 1971 to 1991, the amount of chicken and fish consumed increased at about the same rate.
    2. The amount of beef being consumed is increasing.
    3. In 1991, the amount of beef consumed was approximately five times that of fish consumed.
    4. From 1971 to 1991, consumption of beef, chicken and fish have all increased.
    5. As consumption of beef decreased, consumption of both chicken and fish decreased.

52. Jim studied the effect that clearing land has on the number of deer. Every year for 10 years he measured the amount of cleared land and the number of deer in an area. He found that the amount of cleared land increased and the number of deer decreased. Which pair of graphs best support his conclusion?
    

53. A best fit line describes the trend in a set of data points. Which of these graphs shows the most appropriate best fit line?
    

    Adapted from Test of Graphing in Science by D. McKenzie and M. Padilla.
    Answer the next two questions in the space provided on this paper, rather than on the bubble answer sheet.

Social Security Number  ______________________________________

Date  ______________________

These questions focus on your background for applying aspects of scientific and mathematical reasoning to analyze a situation. Try to answer as completely as you can in the spaces provided on these pages. On some items these explanations are more important than your actual answer. When the item lists answers, circle the best answer and explain your selection. If you do not fully understand what is being asked in an item, please ask the administrator for clarification.

1. Suppose you are given two clay balls of equal size and shape. The two clay balls also weigh the same. One ball is flattened into a pancake-shaped piece.
   Which of these statements is correct?
   1. The pancake-shaped piece weighs more than the ball.
   2. The two pieces still weight the same.
   3. The ball weighs more than the pancake-shaped piece.

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   

2. To the right are drawings of two cylinders filled to the same level with water. The cylinders are identical in size and shape.

   Also shown at the right are two marbles, one glass and one steel. The marbles are the same size but the steel one is much heavier than the glass one.

   When the glass marble is put into Cylinder 1, it sinks to the bottom and the water level rises to the 6th mark. If we put the steel marble in to Cylinder 2, the water will rise

   1. to the same level as it did in Cylinder 1.
   2. to a higher level than it did in Cylinder 1.
   3. to a lower level than it did in Cylinder 1.

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   

3. To the right are drawings of a wide and a narrow cylinder. The cylinders have equally spaced marks on them. Water is poured into the wide cylinder up to the 4th mark, (see A). This water rises to the 6th mark when poured into the narrow cylinder (see B).

   Both cylinders are emptied (not shown) and water is poured into the wide cylinder up to the 6th mark. How high would this water rise if it were poured into the empty narrow cylinder?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

4. Water is now poured into the narrow cylinder (described in item 3 above) up to the 11th mark. How high would this water rise if it were poured into the empty wide cylinder?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   

5. At the right are drawings of three strings hanging from a bar. The three strings have metal weights attached to their ends. String 1 and String 3 are the same length. String 2 is shorter. A 10 unit weight is attached to the end of String 1. A 10 unit weight is also attached to the end of String 2. A 5 unit weight is attached to the end of String 3. The strings (and attached weights) can be swung back and forth and the time it takes to make a swing can be timed.

   Suppose you want to find out whether the length of the string has an effect on the time it takes to swing back and fourth. Which strings would you use to find out?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

6. Suppose you want to find out whether the amount of weight attached to the end of a string has an effect on the time it takes to swing back and forth. Which strings in item 5 above would you use to find out?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

7. Twenty fruit flies are placed in each of the four glass tubes. The tubes are sealed. Tubes I and II are partially covered with black paper; Tubes III and IV are not covered. The tubes are placed as shown. Then they are exposed to red light for five minutes. The number of flies in the uncovered part of each tube is shown in the drawing.
   
   These data show that flies respond to (respond means move to or away from):
   
   1. red light but not gravity
   2. gravity but not red light
   3. both red light and gravity
   4. neither red light nor gravity.

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

8. In a second experiment, a different kind of fly and blue light was used. The results are shown in the drawing.
   These data show that these flies respond to(respond means move to or away from):
   
   1. blue light but not gravity
   2. gravity but not blue light
   3. both blue light and gravity
   4. neither blue light nor gravity

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

9. Six square pieces of wood are put into a cloth bag and mixed about. The six pieces are identical in size and shape, however, three pieces are red and three are yellow. Suppose someone reaches into the bag (without looking) and pulls out one piece. What are the chances that the piece is red?
   

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

10. Three red square pieces of wood, four yellow square pieces, and five blue square pieces are put into a cloth bag. Four red round pieces, two yellow round pieces, and three blue round pieces are also put into the bag. All the pieces are then mixed about. Suppose someone reaches into the bag (without looking and without feeling for a particular shape piece) and pulls out one piece. What are the chances that the piece is a red round or blue round piece?
    

    Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

    Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________

11. Farmer Brown was observing the mice that live in his field. He discovered that all of them were either fat or thin. Also, all of them had either black tails or white tails. This made him wonder if there might be a link between the size of the mice and the color of their tails. So he captured all of the mice in one part of his field and observed them. Below are the mice that he captured. Do you think there is a link between the size of the mice and the color of their tails?
    
    
    1. yes
    2. no
    3. can't tell

    Please explain your choice.  _______________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________________________________________________________

    

12. The drawing to the right shows a box with four buttons numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 and a light bulb. The bulb will light when the correct button, or combination of buttons, are pushed together. Your problem is to figure out which button, or which buttons, must be pushed all at the same time to make the bulb light. Make a list of buttons and all the combinations of buttons you could push to figure out how to make the bulb light.

    ____	____	____	____	____	____
    ____	____	____	____	____	____
    ____	____	____	____	____	____
    ____	____	____	____	____	____

Social Security Number  __________________________________________

Date  ______________

This is a test of your ability to apply aspects of scientific and mathematical reasoning to analyze a situation to make a prediction or solve a problem. Try to answer as completely as you can in the space provided. On some items these explanations are more important than your actual answer. When the item lists answers, circle the best answer and explain your selection. If you do not fully understand what is being asked in an item, please ask the test administrator for clarification.

1. Suppose you are given two pieces of bread dough of equal size and shape. The two pieces also weigh the same. One ball is rolled up into a ball. The other is flattened into a pancake-shaped piece. Which of these statements is correct?
   1. The two pieces still weigh the same.
   2. The ball of dough weights more than the pancake-shaped piece.
   3. The pancake-shaped piece weighs more than the ball.

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   

2. To the right are drawings of two cylinders filled to the same level with water. The cylinders are identical in size and shape.

   Also shown at the right are two metal balls, one made of aluminum and one made of lead. The metal balls are the same size but the lead ball is much heavier than the aluminum one.

   When the aluminum ball is lowered into Cylinder 1, it sinks to the bottom and the water level rises to the 5th mark. If we lower the lead ball into Cylinder 2, the water will rise

   1. to a higher level than it did in Cylinder 1.
   2. to a lower level than it did in Cylinder 1.
   3. to the same level as it did in Cylinder 1.

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   

3. To the right are drawings of a wide and a narrow cylinder. The cylinders have equally spaced marks on them. Water is poured into the wide cylinder up to the 4th mark (see A). This water rises to the 6th mark when poured into the narrow cylinder (see B).

   Both cylinders are emptied (not shown) and water is poured into the wide cylinder up to the 2nd mark. How high would this water rise if it were poured into the empty narrow cylinder?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

4. Water is now poured into the narrow cylinder (described in item 3 above) up to the 7th mark. How high would this water rise if it were poured into the empty wide cylinder?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   

5. At the right are drawings of three strings hanging from a bar. The three strings have metal weights attached to their ends. String 1 and String 3 are the same length. String 2 is shorter. A 5 unit weigh is attached to the end of String 1. A 10 unit weight is attached to the end of String 2. A 10 unit weight is also attached to the end of String 3. The strings (and attached weights) can be swung back and forth and the time it takes to make a swing can be timed.

   Suppose you want to find out whether the length of the string has an effect on the time it takes to swing back and forth. Which strings would you use to find out?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please explain) why you choose those strings. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

6. Suppose you want to find out whether the amount of weight attached to the end of the string has an effect on the time it takes to swing back and forth. Which strings in item 5 above would you use to find out?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please explain) why you choose those strings. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

7. Twenty fruit flies are placed in each of four glass tubes. The tubes are sealed. Tubes I and II are partially covered with black paper; Tubes III and IV are not covered. The tubes are placed as shown. Then they are exposed to orange light for five minutes. The number of flies in the uncovered part of each tube is shown in the drawing.
   
   This experiment shows that flies respond to (respond means move to or away from):
   
   1. orange light but not gravity
   2. gravity but not orange light
   3. both orange light and gravity
   4. neither orange light nor gravity

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

8. In a second experiment, a different kind of fly and green light was used. The results are shown in the drawing
   
   These data show that these flies respond (respond means move to or away from):
   
   1. green light but not gravity
   2. gravity but not green light
   3. both green light and gravity
   4. neither green light nor gravity

   Please explain your selection.

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

9. Eight triangular pieces of wood are put into a cloth bag and mixed about. The eight pieces are identical in size and shape, however, four pieces are black and four are white. Suppose someone reaches into the bag (without looking) and pulls out one piece. What are the chances that the piece is black?

   Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

   Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

   __________________________________________________________________________

10. One square piece of red wood, six yellow square pieces, and eight blue square pieces are put into a cloth bag. Two red round pieces, one yellow round piece, and three blue round pieces are also put into the bag. All the pieces are then mixed about. Suppose someone reaches into the bag (without looking and without feeling for a particular shape piece) and pulls out one piece. What are the chances that the piece is a yellow square or blue square piece?
    
    Answer:  _____________________________________________________________________

    Please show (or explain) how you arrived at your answer. __________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________

11. Look at the fish below that were caught by a fisherman one morning. The fisherman noticed that some of the fish were big and some were small. Also some had wide stripes and others had narrow stripes. This made the fisherman wonder if there might be a link between the size of the fish and the width of their stripes. Do you think there is a link between the size of the fish and the width of their stripes?
    
    
    1. appears not to be a link
    2. appears to be a link
    3. cannot make a reasonable guess.

    Please explain your choice.

    __________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________

    __________________________________________________________________________

12. The drawing below shows bottles of four colorless chemicals numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 and other colorless chemical in a bottle labeled g. When some of the chemical from g is added to one or more of the chemicals from bottles 1 through 4, the mixture turns yellow. Your problem is to figure out which chemical, or which chemicals, must be mixed with g to make the yellow color. Make a list of all the chemicals, and all the combinations of chemicals you could mix with g to make yellow color.
    

    ____	____	____	____	____	____
    ____	____	____	____	____	____
    ____	____	____	____	____	____
    ____	____	____	____	____	____

Name  ______________________________________________________

The next three questions are related.

1. A biochemist was analyzing several unknown molecules found in a living organisms. She was interested in determining to which of the major groups of biological molecules they belonged. The biochemist determined that one of the molecules has nearly twice as many calories per gram (approx. 9 kcal/g) as any of the other molecules. To which the following the groups does the molecules most likely below?
   1. carbohydrates
   2. proteins
   3. lipids

2. The biochemist determined that the next molecule contained only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and it did not mix with water. To which of the following groups does this molecule most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates
   2. proteins
   3. lipids

3. The biochemist determined that the next molecule contained many different subunits in a long chain and that all of the subunits of this molecule contained nitrogen. To which of the following groups does this molecule most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates
   2. proteins
   3. lipids

All of these are Gligs.

None of these is a Glig.

Which of these are Gligs?

All of these are Spings.

None of these is a Sping.

Which of these are Spings?

Write your name and the date in the lower right corner of the answer sheet as indicated. Put an "A" in the space where it says "Subject". Then write in and bubble in your social security number where it says "STUDENT ID". (There are ten columns of bubbles, but your social security number has only nine digits. Leave the last column blank.) Indicate your answers to the following question on the left side of the answer sheet. Fill in the appropriate bubble completely. Erase any mistake thoroughly.

1. A student placed a white female guinea pig in a cage with three male guinea pigs (one white and two black). Later the female gave birth to a white offspring. Which of the following is the best choice concerning the father of the offspring? (Note: Black is dominant.)
   
   1. The white male must be the father.
   2. One of the black males must be the father.
   3. The white male could be the father.
   4. Either of the black males could be the father.
   5. Choices c and d together are the best choice.

2. If the student in question 1 above assumed both black males were homozygous, which of the following would be the best choice concerning the father of the white offspring?
   
   1. The white male must be the father.
   2. One of the black males must be the father.
   3. The white male could be the father.
   4. Either of the black males could be the father.
   5. Choices c and d together are the best choice.

3. Hemophilia is the "bleeder's" disease - people who have it have blood which does not clot well and they often die early. The gene for the disease is recessive and sex-linked. Which of the following would be the best prediction about the offspring of a hemophiliac male and a completely normal (non-hemophiliac) female?
   
   1. All children would have hemophilia.
   2. All females would have hemophilia.
   3. All males would have hemophilia.
   4. The ratio of children with hemophilia to normal children would be 3:1.
   5. None of the children would have hemophilia.

4. Assume that you crossed two flowers (parents), a red one and a white one, and all of the offspring (F1) were pink. Which of the following is the best prediction about the offspring (F1) and the F2 offspring that would be produced by crossing two of these F1 flowers?
   
   1. The F1 offspring are all heterozygous, and the ratio of their offspring (F2) would be 1:2:1, red:pink:white.
   2. The F1 offspring are all heterozygous, and the ratio of their (F2) offspring would be 3:1, pink to white.
   3. The parents must be heterozygous, or no difference would have shown up in the F1.
   4. An obvious error has been made, because such a cross of two homozygotes would not produce the results above.
   5. The red parent is dominant, the white parent is recessive; the hybrid is pink because the red was diluted. The F2 will be all types, not of a particular ratio.

5. Suppose that the ability to curl your little toe is governed by a single pair of genes. A man and a woman who are both little toe curlers have one child who is a little toe curler and then have a second child who is a non-curler. The most probable explanation for these observations is that:
   
   1. Both parents are heterozygous.
   2. One parent is heterozygous; the other parent is homozygous recessive.
   3. One parent is heterozygous; the other parent is homozygous dominant.
   4. Non-curler is dominant to curler; therefore the second child was a non-curler even though he also had a gene for little toe curler.
   5. A mutation occurred in one of the parents during meiosis; the mutated gene was transmitted to the child who is a non-curler.

INSTRUMENTS TO USE FOR SPRING 1997 - (Word Perfect)
Answers are * (remove * for test and letters for questions 2 thru 7)

EXAM ONE
Experimental Design Questions

1. Suppose two species of lizards, Fence lizards and Whiptail lizards eat insects as their main food. However, Fence lizards find their insects up in the bushes, while Whiptail lizards find their insects on the ground. Living alone in a field, each lizard did well, but when they lived in the same field, Fence lizards died out. Lyman suggested that the reason is that Whiptail lizards are better competitors for insects. They are more aggressive and chase Fence lizards away from the insects. Which of the following observations would add the most strength to Lyman's conclusion that Whiptail lizards are better competitors?
   
   1. Fence lizards do NOT survive in a field where Whiptail lizards have lived.
   2. Fence lizards do survive in a field where Whiptail lizards live, if Whiptail lizards are given a drug that lowers their aggressiveness.*
   3. Both species survive in a field where the insects on the bushes are knocked to the ground.
   4. Whiptail lizards die out when all the insects on the bushes are knocked to the ground.
   5. Both c and d above.

The next six questions refer to the following information.

While walking around a lake, you find two dead fish lying about 10 feet apart on the shore. One of the fish is a bluegill and the other is a bass. The bluegill is lying within one foot of the lake water on moist mud. The bass is resting on a dry, sandy area six feet from the water. Upon returning to the area two weeks later, you find the bluegill is almost completely decomposed, whereas the bass is just beginning to decompose.

Use this key to identify the following six statements as to whether they are:

1. an hypothesis
2. a prediction
3. data
4. a question
5. a conclusion

2. Several fly maggots can be seen crawling in and on both fish. C

3. Tougher tissue in the bass may cause the difference in decomposition rates. A

4. The amount of water available may cause the difference in decomposition rates. A

5. If the dead bluegill and bass are both placed within one foot of the water, they will decompose at a similar rate. B

6. Because the fish were different types, they were lying on different types of soil, and they were exposed to different amounts of water, we can't say for sure why they are decomposing at different rates. E

7. Why is the bluegill decomposing faster than the bass? D

The next three questions are related.

8. One day you meet Astrid watching an ant attach a beetle on an acacia plant. When asked what she is doing, Astrid replies, "I'm watching an ant protect an acacia plant from beetles eating it."
   Which of the following is the best description of Astrid's reply?
   1. She is NOT a careful observer.
   2. She is stating a conclusion only partly derived from her observation.*
   3. She is stating a conclusion entirely drawn from her observation.
   4. She is stating her observation.
   5. She is making no assumption.

9. Which of the following observations would add the most strength to Astrid's reply (in the question above)?
   1. observing the ant attacking more beetles
   2. observing another ant attack a beetle
   3. observing that the ant is successful at killing the beetle
   4. the absence of beetles on acacia plants with ants on their branches*
   5. observing more beetles land on the acacia plant as time passes

10. Astrid then removes the ants from the acacia plant and keeps all ants off the acacia plant for a period of four months. Many of its leaves are eaten. Astrid states that this evidence supports the reply that she is watching an ant protect an acacia plant from beetles eating it. Which of the following assumptions is she making?
    1. The acacia didn't get enough water in the four months of observation.
    2. Ants cannot live without acacia plants to feed upon.
    3. Beetles and ants cannot successfully exist in the same habitat (area) for a long period of time.
    4. The beetles ate the acacia leaves.*
    5. All acacia plants need ants in order to survive.

BIO MOLECULES POSTTEST (put on EXAM 2)

The next six questions are related.

1. A biochemist was analyzing several unknown biological molecules. She was interested in determining to which of the major groups of biological molecules they belonged. The chemist determined that one of the molecules has nearly twice as many calories per gram (approx. 9 kcal/g) as any of the other molecules. To which of the following groups does the molecule most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
   2. proteins
   3. lipids*

2. Atomic analysis revealed that there were carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a ratio of 1: 2: 1 in the second molecule. To which of the following groups does this molecule most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
   2. proteins
   3. lipids*

3. The biochemist determined that the next molecule contained only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and it did not mix with water. To which of the following groups does this molecule most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
   2. proteins
   3. lipids*

4. The chemist determined that the next molecule contained many different subunits in a long chain and that all of the subunits of this molecule contained nitrogen. To which of the following groups does this molecule most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
   2. proteins
   3. lipids*

5. The biochemist determined that one of the molecules changed from being a liquid at room temperature to being a solid at room temperature as she performed a process called hydrogenation in which extra hydrogens were forced into the molecule. To which of the following groups does the molecule most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
   2. proteins
   3. lipids*

6. The biochemist determined that one of the molecules had a very complex shape involving 4 sub-molecules that were themselves globular structures. To which of the following groups does this molecules most likely belong?
   1. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)
   2. proteins
   3. lipids*

(ADD MIFLS AND PARRIFS PICTURES TO EXAM TWO, FORM A; ADD PLIPS AND TWRILLS TO FORM B. BE SURE A LINE IS INCLUDED FOR THE STUDENT'S NAME AT THE TOP OF THE PAGE.)

NAME  ________________________________________________________

Mifls

All of these are Mifls.

None of these is a Mifl.

Which of these are Mifls?

NAME  ________________________________________________________

Parrifs

All of these are Parrifs.

None of these is a Parrif.

Which of these are Parrifs?

NAME  ________________________________________________________

Plips

All of these are Plips.

None of these is a Plip.

Which of these are Plips?

EXAM TWO
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN QUESTIONS
Answers are* (remove * for test and letters for questions 2 thru 7)

1. A prominent biology textbook described a study of two species of duckweed, Lymna polyrhiza (LP) and Lymna gibba (LG), a very small plant that floats in or on water. "Grown alone in a tank, each did well but when they were grown in the same tank, LP died out. The reason is that although both LG and LP require the same amount of light, LG is a better competitor for it. LG has air-filled sacs that cause it to float higher in the water, blocking light from its competitor." Which of the following observations would add the most strength to the conclusion that LG is the better competitor?
   
   1. LP does NOT survive in a tank of water from which LG has been removed.
   2. LP does survive in water from a tank where LG is growing, if it is filtered first.
   3. Both species survive in a tank illuminated from the bottom only.
   4. LG dies out when both species are placed in a tank illuminated from the bottom only.*
   5. Both a and b.

The next six questions refer to the following information.

While walking in a nearby park, you notice petunias growing. Some petunias are in a sunny spot located 8 feet from the water sprinkler. Other petunias are under a pine tree that is located 22 feet from the water sprinkler. You notice that the petunias in the sun are significantly taller plants and have larger flowers.

Use this key to identify the following six statements are to whether they are:

1. an hypothesis
2. a prediction
3. data
4. a question
5. a conclusion

2. The petunias in the sun receive sunlight for an average of 8 hours a day, while the petunias under the pine tree receive sunlight for 3 hours a day. C

3. Why are the petunias in the sunny spot larger than those under the pine tree? D

4. The petunias under the pine tree may have more people walk across them because they are closer to a sidewalk. A

5. The difference in plant size may be related to differences in available water. A

6. If the pine tree is removed from the park, the petunias will be the same height. B

7. Because the petunias were receiving different amounts of sunlight, they were subjected to different numbers of people walking on them, and they were exposed to different amounts of water, we can't say for sure why they are different sizes. E

The next three questions are related.

One day you meet a student watching a gazelle run away from a cheetah. As the gazelle is running away, it slows up a bit to "stott". "Stotting" means the gazelle jumps up about a half meter off the ground with all four legs held stiff and straight and with its white rump fully exposed. (see picture)

8. When asked what he is doing, the student replies, "I'm watching a gazelle escaping a cheetah while letting the cheetah know he's been detected and lost the element of surprise." Which of the following is the best description of his reply?
   1. He is NOT a careful observer.
   2. He is stating a conclusion only partly derived from his observation.
   3. He is stating a conclusion entirely drawn from his observation.
   4. He is stating his observation.
   5. He is making no assumption.

9. Which of the following observations would add the most strength to the student's reply in the question above?
   1. observing another gazelle stot when a cheetah is stalking it
   2. observing that gazelles only stot when they are in a group of gazelles
   3. observing that gazelles only stot when their young are nearby
   4. observing the gazelles rapidly moving its eyes from side to side to look for other cheetahs in the vicinity as it stots away
   5. observing cheetahs frequently abandon the hunt when they see a gazelle stot

10. The student observes lots more gazelles stotting when cheetahs are approaching. He notices that the white rump is always exposed toward the cheetahs. The student states that this evidence supports his reply in the first question of this section. Which of the following assumptions is he making?
    1. The purpose of stotting is to communicate with other gazelles.
    2. The white rump communicates a message to the cheetah.
    3. Cheetahs seldom are successful at capturing gazelles.
    4. Gazelles usually graze as a group, rather than individually.
    5. Gazelles are aware that cheetahs often hunt as a group, rather than as individuals.

EXAM THREE
NATURAL SELECTION POSTTEST

Answers are * (remove * for test)

Hummingbirds have very long beaks to reach the nectar at the base of long tubular flowers to get their food. Suppose their ancestors had much shorter beaks. Biologists would suggest that the ability to produce longer beaks evolved in hummingbirds because:
1. individual hummingbirds developed longer beaks as a result of repeated extension of their beaks to reach the nectar in long tubular flowers.
2. hummingbirds needed long beaks in order to feed from long tubular flowers
3. a few hummingbirds probably had long beaks before there were lots of long tubular flowers around*
4. hummingbirds learned to adapt to their environment.
1. Wolves that live in Alaska today have a thick fat layer. Biologists believe that their ancestors did not have fat as thick as it is today. The reason the amount of fat increased over the centuries was that:
   1. the wolves' need to have more fat caused them to deposit more fat and have offspring with more fat.
   2. a few wolves that naturally had more fat had a better chance to survive and reproduce*
   3. individual wolves increase their amount of fat whenever they are exposed to harsh winters.

2. While wolves were evolving a thicker fat layer:
   1. most wolves in each successive generation had about the same amount of fat as their parents.*
   2. most wolves in each successive generation had slightly more fat than their parents.

3. The population of wolves was able to evolve a thicker layer of fat because:
   1. the wolves with a thicker layer of fat were better adapted.
   2. wolves with a thick fat layer were absolutely certain to survive and produce offspring
   3. wolves with thicker fat layers were better able to capture prey
   4. the wolf population included individuals with very thin, thin, medium, thick and very thick layers of fat.*

4. If the climate changed dramatically, producing another Ice Age and the weather in Alaska became significantly colder than at anytime in the last 10,000 years, then
   1. many wolves would die because their bodies are not sufficiently adapted to this environment.*
   2. Most individual wolves would quickly begin to produce more fat.

FINAL EXAM
GENETICS POSTTEST

1. Assume that you crossed two cattle (parents), a red one and a white one, and all of the F1 calves were roan in color. Which of the following is the best prediction about the F1 calves and the F2 offspring that would be produced by crossing two of these F1 calves?
   1. The F1 calves are all heterozygous, and the ratio of their offspring would be 1: 2: 1, red: roan: white.*
   2. The F1 calves are all heterozygous, and the ratio of their offspring would be 3: 1, roan to white.
   3. The parents must be heterozygous, or no difference would have shown up in the F1.
   4. An obvious error has been made, because a cross of two homozygotes would not produce the results above.
   5. The red parent is dominant, the white parent is recessive; the F1 calves are roan because the red was diluted. The F2 would be all types, not of a particular ratio.

2. Red-green color blindness make it difficult for individuals to tell the difference between red and green colors. The gene for this condition is recessive and sex-linked. Which of the following would be the best prediction about the offspring of a red-green colorblind male and a homozygous normal (non-red-green colorblind) female?
   1. All children would be red-green colorblind.
   2. All females would be red-green colorblind.
   3. All males would be red-green colorblind.
   4. The ratio of colorblind to normal children will be 3:1.
   5. None of the children would be red-green colorblind.*

3. Assume that the ability to wiggle your ears is governed by a single pair of genes. A man and a woman who both are ear wigglers have one child who is an ear wiggler and then have a second child who cannot wiggle his ears. The most likely explanation for these observations is that:
   1. Both parents are heterozygous.*
   2. One parent is heterozygous; the other parent is homozygous recessive.
   3. One parent is heterozygous; the other parent is homozygous dominant.
   4. Non-ear wiggling is dominant to ear wiggling; therefore the second child was a non-ear wiggler even though he also had a gene for ear wiggling.
   5. A mutation occurred in one of the parents during meiosis; the mutated gene was transmitted to the child who is a non-ear wiggler.

4. A student placed a brown female duck in a cage with three male ducks (one brown and two rust). Later the female gave birth to a brown offspring. Which of the following is the best choice concerning the father of the offspring? (Assume that rust is dominant.)
   1. The brown male must be the father.
   2. One of the rust males must be the father.
   3. The brown male could be the father.
   4. Either of the rust males could be the father.
   5. Choices c and d together are the best choice.*

5. If the student in the question above assumed that both rust males were homozygous, which of the following would be the best choice concerning the father of the brown offspring?
   1. The brown male must be the father.*
   2. One of the rust males must be the father.
   3. The brown male could be the father.
   4. Either of the rust males could be the father.
   5. Choices c and d together are the best choice.

On the bubble sheet provided, fill in your NAME and the DATE in the lower right hand corner. Put an "A" in the space where it says "Subject". Then write in and bubble in your SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER where it says "STUDENT ID". (There are ten columns of bubbles, but your social security number has only nine digits. Leave the last column blank.) For each question, mark the letter on the bubble sheet provided that best describes your thoughts. Use the following key:

A = strongly disagree

B = disagree

C = uncertain

D = agree

E = strongly agree

	Strongly Disagree	Disagree	Uncertain	Agree	Strongly Agree
By studying biology students can gain useful facts about the nature of living things.	A	B	C	D	E
By studying biology, you can learn ways of identifying and solving problems which will be useful in dealing with problems in your own life.	A	B	C	D	E
Biology courses are not as interesting as most school subjects.	A	B	C	D	E
I feel quite comfortable working with computers.	A	B	C	D	E
A positive feature of science is that one can always rely on it to be true and correct.	A	B	C	D	E
I feel confident in my ability to do well in biology classes.	A	B	C	D	E
If given a choice, I would pick a class in which the activities involve a lot of group work.	A	B	C	D	E
If a biology course was not required for my degree, it not likely I would take it.	A	B	C	D	E
Someday I would like to take another course in biology even though it is not required.	A	B	C	D	E
Using the computer to learn was very helpful to me.	A	B	C	D	E
I prefer classes in which the activities are primarily individual rather than in groups.	A	B	C	D	E
It is likely that I would read articles about living things simply for my own interest.	A	B	C	D	E
Even if I work very hard, I am not confident that I will be able to do well in biology class.	A	B	C	D	E
If I had it to do over again, I would select another instructor for this course.	A	B	C	D	E
I would prefer a biology course that involved less computer usage.	A	B	C	D	E
Science is actually based only the best available information at the time; it may change.	A	B	C	D	E

17. Tom wanted to know how much fertilizer he should give his tomato plants. He gave different amounts of fertilizer to his plants. He then counted the number of tomatoes on each plant. His results are in the data table below.

Which set of axes below is the BEST to use for graphing his results?

Use the information below to answer the next 3 questions.

Rose owns a flower shop. She gave different amounts of water to several plants each day. She measured the height of the plants after three weeks. The graph below shows the results.

18. How much water was given each day to the plant that grew 10 cm. tall?

    a. 120 ml.

    b. 140 ml.

    c. 160 ml.

    d. 180 ml.

19. The following statements describe the relationship between the amount of water given and the height of the plant. Which is the best description?
    1. As the amount of water increased to 120 ml., the height of the plants decreased. With amounts greater than 120 ml., the height of the plants increased.

    2. Both the amount of water and the height of the plants increased up to 120 ml. Then they both decreased.

    3. As the amount of water increased to 120 ml, the plant growth quickly increased. After 120 ml. of water the plant growth increased more slowly.

    4. As the amount of water increased to 120 ml., the height of the plants increased. With amounts greater than 120 ml., the height of the plants decreased.

20. How tall would you expect plants to grow if given 140 ml. of water each day?
    1. 8 cm.
    2. 10 cm.
    3. 15 cm.
    4. 20 cm.
    5. more than 20 cm.

21. Liz jogs 2 miles everyday. One day after running, she measures her pulse every two minutes. These are the results. Her pulse rate was 140 beats per minute 2 minutes after running. It was 115 beats per minute after 4 minutes. It was 105 beats per minute after 6 minutes. It was 90 beats per minute after 8 minutes. It was 75 beats per minute after 10 minutes.

    Which of these graphs best shows her results?
    
    

22. Helga wanted to know the death rate for women for three diseases. She found the graph shown below. Which of these statements is supported by the graph?
    
    1. From 1971 to 1991, the number of deaths in women due to breast cancer and lung cancer increased at about the same rate.
    2. Death rates in women for heart disease are increasing.
    3. In 1991, the death rate for heart disease in women was approximately five times that of lung cancer.
    4. From 19971 to 1991, death rates for women due to lung cancer, heart disease, and breast cancer all increased.
    5. As death rates for heart disease decreased in women, death rates for lung cancer also decreased.

23. Aaron studied fruit flies for one month. He measured the amount of waste produced by the fruit flies. He concluded that as the number of flies increased, the amount of waste increases. Which pair of graphs best support his conclusion?
    

24. A best fit line describes the trend in a set of data points. Which of these graphs shows the most appropriate best fit line?
    

25. A prominent biology textbook described a study of two species of duckweed, Lymna polyrhiza (LP) and Lymna gibba (LG), a very small plant that floats in or on water. "Grown by itself in a tank, each did well but when both species were grown in the same tank, L.P died out. The reason is because L.G is a better competitor because it produces a chemical that is toxic to LP." Which of the following observations would add the most strength to the idea that LG is the better competitor?
    1. Neither species survives when there is no illumination.
    2. L.P does survive in water from a tank where LG is growing, if illumination comes from both the top and bottom.
    3. Both species survive in a tank with filtered water.
    4. L.G dies out when both species are placed in a tank with filtered water.
    5. Both a and b.

The next six questions refer to the following information:

While walking in the desert, you notice two kinds of rabbits. One of the rabbits is light brown and has large, muscular legs, and the other is black and has much smaller legs. You see the brown rabbit foraging above ground while the black rabbit is seen emerging from an underground burrow chewing on a plant. The black rabbit returns to the underground burrow to sleep at night, while the brown rabbit stays above ground to sleep.

Use this key to identify the following six statements as to whether they are a/an:

1. hypothesis
2. prediction
3. data
4. question
5. conclusion

26. If both brown and black rabbits are raised in a pen where there are no coyotes, both rabbits will live above ground.

27. The ability to outrun predators may determine where rabbits live.

28. Because the rabbits have different colors of fur, different leg sizes, and eat different foods, we can't say for sure why they have different homes.

29. Why does the black rabbit burrow while the brown rabbit stays above ground?

30. Six coyotes were seen near the rabbits' home.

31. Differences in dietary requirements may cause the rabbits to live in different places.

    The next three questions are related.

32. One day you meet Phil watching a wasp drag a paralyzed grasshopper down a small hole in the ground. When asked what he is doing, Phil replies, "I'm watching that wasp store paralyzed grasshoppers in her nest to feed her offspring." Which of the following is the best description of Phil's reply?
    1. He is NOT a careful observer.
    2. He is stating a conclusion only partly derived from his observation.
    3. He is stating a conclusion entirely drawn from his observation.
    4. He is stating his observation.
    5. He is making no assumption.

33. Which of the following observations would add the most strength to Phil's reply in the question above?
    1. observing the wasp digging a similar hole
    2. observing the wasp dragging more grasshoppers in to the hole
    3. observing the wasp sealing the entrance to the hole and concealing its location
    4. digging into the hole and observing wasp eggs on the paralyzed grasshoppers
    5. observing adult wasps emerging from the hole a month later

34. Both you and Phil wait until the wasp leaves the area, then you dig into the hole and observe three paralyzed grasshoppers, each with a white egg on its side. Phil states that this evidence supports his reply that the wasp is storing paralyzed grasshoppers in her nest to feed her offspring. Which of the following assumptions is Phil making?
    1. The eggs are grasshopper eggs.
    2. The wasp laid the eggs.
    3. The wasp dug the hole
    4. The wasp will return with another grasshopper
    5. The wasp has left permanently.